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and author Evan Mar modes: action, sum background (Marshal instructor Jessica Pag writing: action, expos Tipos textuais Premium ay Enenega anpenR 09, 2012 20 pages Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along with exposition, argumentation, and narration. Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of forms and each has its own purpose and conventions. Description is also the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Description as a fiction-writing mode Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse.

Fiction-writing also has distinct forms of expression, or modes, each with its own purposes and conventions. Agent Swipe to r. t page 1 0 ve fiction-wnting houghts, and thor and writing- modes for fiction- ue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modesand their uses. Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story.

Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, descripti Swipe tc next page description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect. (Polking, p. 106) The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.

Purple prose Purple prose is a term of literary criticism used to describe assages, or sometimes entire literary works, written in prose so overly extravagant, ornate, or flowery as to break the flow and draw attention to itself. Purple prose is sensually evocative beyond the requirements of its context. It also refers to writing that employs certain rhetorical effects such as exaggerated sentiment or pathos in an attempt to manipulate a reader’s response. Philosophy In philosophy, the nature of description has been an important question since Bertrand Russels classical texts (cf. Ludlow, 2007). 1] Physics The word description can be used interchangeably with the Word theory Description Commonly a descriptive text Will describe a particular thing, place, or someone. A descriptive text is structured with general identification and followed by detail description. In Identificatlon paragraph, descriptive text Will explore to answer the question of who, What when and where. The detail description Will include a description to answer how it looks, where it is sees, What it does, and what it make it special. answer how it looks, where it is sees, what it does, and what it make it speclal.

Models of Texts : Description 1. THE AMAZING TAJ MAHAL IN INDIA Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra. Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in hich each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements. Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162. 5 feet each.

The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river. 2. The Descriptive Facts about the Moon Moon is the when viewed fram across the Jamuna river. Moon is the earth’s satellite which we often see in the night.

The Moon is the one place in our solar system where humans have visited. For the firs time on July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. However do you know what descriptive acts about the Moon are? The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our Sky by about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.

The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava Plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3. 5 to 4. 5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon’s surface. The Moan does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints Ieft there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts Will remain there for millions of years. The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the sun. All of us can can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth.

If the Sun wasn’t there, we can not see the Moon. The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides. Argumentation Argumentation theory, or argumentation, is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning• that ist claims based, soundly ar not, on premises.

It includes the arts and sciences of civil debate, dialogue, conversation, and persuasion. It studies rules of inference, logic, and procedural rules in both artificial and real world settings. Argumentation includes debate and negotiation whlch are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable conclusions. It also encampasses eristic dialog, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal. his art and science s often the means by which people protect their beliefs or self- interests in rational dialogue, in common parlance, and during the process of arguing.

Argumentation is used in law, for example in trials, in preparing an argument to be presented to a court, and in testing the validity of certain kinds of evidence. Also, argumentation scholars study the post hoc rationalizations by which organizational actors try to justifiy decisions they have made irrationally. Key components of argumentation * Understanding and identifying arguments, either explicit or implied, and the goals of the participants in the different types of ialogue. Identifying the premises from which conclusions are derived * Establishing the “burden of proof’ determining who made the initial claim and is thus responsible for providing evidence why his/her pos determining who made the initial claim and is thus responsible for providing evidence why his/her position merits acceptance * For the one carrying the “burden of proof”, the advocate, to marshal evidence for his/her position in order to convince or force the opponent’s acceptance.

The method by which this is accomplished is producing valid, sound, and cogent arguments, devoid of weaknesses, and not easily attacked. In a debate, fulflllment of the burden of proof creates a burden of rejoinder. One must try to identify faulty reasoning in the opponent’s argument, to attack the reasons/premises of the argument, to provide counterexamples if possible, to identify any logical fallacies, and to show why a valid conclusion cannot be derived from the reasons provided for his/her argument.

Internal structure of arguments Typically an argument has an internal structure, comprising the following 1. a set of assumptions or premises 2. a method of reasoning or deduction and 3. a conclusion or point An argument must have at least one premise and one oncluslon. Often classical logic is used as the method of reasoning so that the conclusion follows logically from the assumptions or support. One challenge is that if the set of assumptions is inconsistent then anything can follow logically from inconsistency. Therefore it is common to insist that the set of assumptions is consistent.

It is also good practice to require the set of assumptions to be the minimal set, WIth respect to set inclusion, necessary to infer the consequ to be the minimal set, with respect to set inclusion, necessary to infer the consequent. Such arguments are called MINCON rguments, short for minimal consistent. Such argumentation has been applied to the fields of law and medicine. A second school of argumentation investigates abstract arguments, where ‘argumenti is considered a primitive term, so no internal structure of arguments is taken on account.

In its most common form, argumentation involves an individual and an interlocutor/or opponent engaged in dialogue, each contending differing positions and trying to persuade each other. Other types of dialogue in addition to persuasion are eristic, information seeking, inquiry, negotiation, deliberation, and the dialectlcal method (Douglas Walton). The dialectical method was made famous by Plato and his use of Socrates critically questioning various characters and historical figures.

Argumentation and the grounds of knowledge Argumentation theory had its origins in foundationalism, a theory of knowledge (epistemology) in the field of philosophy. It sought to find the grounds for claims in the forms (logic) and materials (factual laws) of a universal system of knowledge. But argument scholars gradually rejected Aristotle’s systematic philosophy and the idealism in Plato and Kant. They questioned and ultimately discarded the idea that argument premises take their soundness rom formal philosophical systems. The field thus broadened. [l Karl R.

Wallace’s seminal essay, ” he Substance of Rhetoric: Good Reasons” in the Quarterly Journal of Speech (1963) 44, led many scholars to study “marketplac Good Reasons” in the Quarterly Journal of Speech (1963) 44, led many scholars to study “marketplace argumentation” – the ordinary arguments of ordinary people. The seminal essay on marketplace argumentation is Ray Lynn Anderson and C. David Mortensen,”Logic and Marketplace Argumentation’ Quarterly journal of Speech 53 (1967): This line ofthinking led to a natural alliance with late developments in the sociology f knowledge. 4] Some scholars drew connections with recent developments in philosophy, namely the pragmatism ofJohn Dewey and Richard Rorty. Rorty has called this shift in emphasis “the linguistic turn” In this new hybrid approach argumentation is used with or without empirical evidence to establish convinclng conclusions about issues which are moral, scientific, epistemic, or of a nature in which science alone cannot answer_ Out of pragmatism and many intellectual developments in the humanities and social sciences, “non-philosophical” argumentation theories grew which located the formal and material grounds of arguments n particular intellectual fields.

These theories include informal logic, social epistemology, ethnomethodology, speech acts, the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of science, and social psychology. These new theories are not non-logical or anti-logical. They find logical coherence in most communities of discourse. These theories are thus often labeled “sociological’i in that they focus on the social grounds of knowledge. Approaches to argumentation in communication and informal logic In general, the label “argumentation” is used by communication in communication and informal logic scholars such as (to name only a few: Wayne E.

Brockriede, Douglas Ehninger, Joseph W. Wenzel, Richard Rieke, Gordon Mitchell, Carol Winkler, Eric Gander, Dennis S. Gouran, Daniel j. OiKeefe, Mark Aakhus, Bruce Gronbeck, James Klumpp, G. Thomas Goodnight, Robin Rowland, Dale Hample, C. Scott Jacobs, Sally Jackson, David Zarefsky, and Charles Arthur Willard) while the term “informal logic” is preferred by philosophers, stemming from University of Windsor philosophers Ralph H. Johnson and J. Anthony Blair.

Harald Wohlrapp developed a criterion for validness (Geltung, Gültigkeit) as freedom of objections. Trudy Govier, Douglas Walton, Michael Gilbert, Harvey Seigal, Michael Scriven, and John Woods (to name only a few) are other prominent authors in this tradition. Over the past thirty years, however, scholars fram several disciplines have co-mingled at international conferences such as that hosted by the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (ISSA).

Other international conferences are the biannual conference held at Alta, Utah sponsored by the (US) National Communication Association and American Forensics Associationand conferences sponsored by the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA). Some scholars (such as Ralph H. Johnson) construe the term “argument” narrowly, as exclusively written discourse or even discourse in which all premises are explicit.

Others (such as Michael Gilbert) construe the term “argument” broadly, to include spoken and even nonverbal discourse, spoken and even nonverbal discourse, for instance the degree to which a war memorial or propaganda poster can be said to argue or “make arguments. ” The philosopher Stephen E. Toulmin has said that an argument is a claim on our attention and belief, a view that would seem to authorize treating, say, propaganda osters as arguments. The dispute between broad and narrow theorists is of long standing and is unlikely to be settled.

The views of the majority of argumentation theorists and analysts fall somewhere between these two extremes. Definition: The process of forming reasons, justifying beliefs, and drawingconclusions with the aim of influencing the thoughts and/ or actions of others. Argumentation (or argumentation theory) also refers to the study of that process Observations: * “The three goals of critical argumentation are to identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments. The term ‘argument’ is used n a special sense, referring to the giving of reasons to support or criticize a claim that is questionable, or open to doubt.

To say something is a successful argument in this sense means that it gives a good reason, or severa’ reasons, to support or criticize a claim. ” (D. N. Walton, Fundamentals of Critica’ Argumentation. Cambridge press, 2006) * “Argumentation is a verbal, social, and rational activity aimed at convincing a reasonable critic of the acceptability of a standpoint by putting fonnard a constellation of one or more propositions to justify this standpoint.. “Argumentation relates b PAGF ess of putting forwar